How to identify the Smooth-billed Ani

To correctly identify the Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani), check each of these features. Birds can be tricky: habit, habitat, and call often confirm a sighting that a single photo cannot.

Size at a glance

Length

30-36 cm (12-14 in)

Wingspan

43-46 cm (17-18 in)

Weight

70-100 g (2.5-3.5 oz)

Physical features to check

1. 1

   Plumage

   Overall feather coloration and pattern.

   Entirely glossy black plumage, often appearing iridescent blue-purple or green in good light. The feathers on the head and neck can appear somewhat shaggy.

2. 2

   Beak shape

   Shape and color of the bill: a key field mark.

   Large, deep, and laterally compressed (knife-like) black bill with a prominent arch to the culmen. The bill is smooth, lacking the grooves found in the Groove-billed Ani.

3. 3

   Eye color

   Iris color and any distinctive eye markings.

   Dark brown to black

4. 4

   Leg color

   Leg and foot color.

   Black

5. 5

   Distinguishing features

   Standout features that separate this species.

   The most distinctive feature is its large, smooth, arched black bill. Its overall glossy black appearance and long tail are also characteristic. The tail is often held loosely and appears somewhat disheveled.

6. 6

   Juvenile appearance

   How young birds differ from adults.

   Juveniles resemble adults but may have a duller, less glossy black plumage and a slightly less developed bill structure. Their eyes may appear lighter brown initially.

7. 7

   Seasonal changes

   Plumage variation between breeding and non-breeding seasons.

   No significant seasonal plumage changes. They maintain their glossy black plumage year-round.

8. 8

   Sexual dimorphism

   How males and females differ.

   Males and females are monomorphic, appearing identical in plumage and size.

Key field marks

• Bill Shape. Look for the large, deep, and smooth black bill with a prominent arch. This is the key differentiator from the Groove-billed Ani.
• Plumage. Observe the entirely glossy black plumage, which can show iridescent blue or purple hues in sunlight. The feathers often appear somewhat shaggy, especially on the head.
• Social Behavior. Anis are almost always seen in small, noisy flocks, foraging together on the ground or perched closely in trees. Solitary individuals are rare.
• Vocalizations. Listen for their distinctive rising 'whee-oo' whistle and harsh 'churrr' calls. Their calls are often the first indication of their presence.
• Habitat. Check open, grassy areas with scattered shrubs and trees, especially pastures or agricultural fields, where they often follow livestock.

Explore the Smooth-billed Ani