Tuim

About

The Tuim, also known as the Blue-winged Parrotlet, is a small, vibrant parrotlet species native to South America. It is characterized by its predominantly green plumage and distinctive blue markings on the wings of the male. These birds are known for their active and social behavior, often seen in small flocks.

Size & lifespan

Length

10-12 cm

Wingspan

18-20 cm

Weight

20-28 g

Lifespan

10-15 years in the wild, up to 20 years in captivity

Diet

Herbivore (primarily granivorous and frugivorous)

Physical characteristics

Plumage

Predominantly bright green. Males have a distinctive cobalt blue patch on the primary coverts and secondary flight feathers, and a blue rump. Females lack these blue markings, appearing entirely green, sometimes with a yellowish tinge on the face and underparts.

Beak shape

Small, hooked, and strong, typically horn-colored or pale pinkish-grey.

Eye color

Dark brown with a narrow, pale periophthalmic ring.

Leg color

Greyish-pink to grey.

Distinguishing features

Small size, compact body, short tail. Males are easily identified by their bright blue wing patches and rump. Females are uniformly green, which can make identification more challenging without males present.

Juvenile appearance

Juveniles resemble adult females, being entirely green. Young males gradually develop their blue wing and rump markings as they mature, typically within their first year.

Seasonal changes

No significant seasonal plumage changes. Plumage remains consistent year-round.

Sexual dimorphism

Pronounced. Males possess distinct blue markings on the wings (primary coverts and secondaries) and rump, which are absent in females. Females are entirely green, often with a slightly duller or yellowish-green hue.

How to identify

1. 1

   Size and Shape

   Look for a very small, compact parrot with a short tail. Its overall appearance is stocky.

2. 2

   Male Plumage (Key Field Mark)

   Identify males by the striking cobalt blue patches on their primary wing coverts and secondary flight feathers, and a blue rump. These blue areas are the most reliable field mark for males.

3. 3

   Female Plumage

   Females are entirely green, sometimes with a slightly yellowish wash on the face and underparts. Without a male nearby, identifying females can be challenging, relying on size, shape, and vocalizations.

4. 4

   Vocalizations

   Listen for their characteristic high-pitched, sharp, and often rapid 'chit-chit-chit' calls, especially when they are in flight or foraging in flocks.

5. 5

   Flight Pattern

   Observe their fast, direct, and somewhat undulating flight, often in tight groups.

6. 6

   Habitat

   Look for them in open woodlands, forest edges, and cultivated areas, often near water, where they feed on seeds and fruits.

Habitat & range

Biomes

Tropical and subtropical forests, woodlands, savannas, forest edges, secondary growth, and cultivated areas.

Geographic range

Eastern and central South America, including eastern Brazil, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, and southeastern Bolivia. Its range extends from the Atlantic coast of Brazil inland.

Elevation range

Typically found from sea level up to 1,200 meters (3,900 feet).

Preferred environments

Prefers areas with a mix of trees and open spaces, often near water sources. Commonly found in gallery forests, orchards, and suburban gardens with suitable vegetation.

Behavior

Activity time

Diurnal. Most active during the early morning and late afternoon, resting during the hottest parts of the day.

Feeding habits

Feeds primarily on seeds, fruits, berries, and flowers. They forage in trees and shrubs, often clinging acrobatically to branches. They are known to consume seeds from grasses and cultivated crops.

Social behavior

Highly social birds, typically found in pairs or small flocks of 5-20 individuals. Larger flocks can form at communal roosts or abundant food sources. They are generally vocal and active.

Flight pattern

Fast, direct, and undulating flight with rapid wing beats. They often fly in tight, cohesive flocks.

Migration pattern

Resident throughout its range, with no significant migratory movements. Local movements may occur in response to food availability.

Territoriality

Pairs are territorial during the breeding season, defending their nest site. Flocks are generally less territorial outside of breeding.

Breeding & reproduction

Breeding season

Varies geographically, but generally between September and April in most parts of its range, coinciding with periods of abundant food.

Nesting habits

Nests in tree cavities, old woodpecker holes, or sometimes in arboreal termite nests. They do not add nesting material, laying eggs directly on the wood dust or debris within the cavity.

Clutch size

3-7 eggs, most commonly 4-6.

Egg description

Small, white, and elliptical. Typically laid directly on the floor of the nest cavity.

Incubation period

Approximately 18-20 days, primarily by the female.

Fledging period

Chicks fledge around 4-5 weeks after hatching.

Parental care

Both parents participate in feeding the chicks after hatching. The male often feeds the incubating female.

Where to find

Field tips

1. Listen for Calls. Their high-pitched calls are often the first indication of their presence, especially when they are hidden in foliage.
2. Look for Movement in Foliage. They are small and green, making them blend in well. Watch for subtle movements in trees and shrubs as they forage.
3. Observe Flocks. Tuims are social. If you spot one, there are likely more nearby. Look for small, active groups.
4. Visit Early Morning or Late Afternoon. These are their most active feeding times, increasing your chances of observation.
5. Check Water Sources. Like many birds, they will visit water sources to drink, especially during dry periods.

Similar species

Quick facts

Size:

Very small parrotlet (10-12 cm)

Male Markings:

Cobalt blue wings and rump

Female Markings:

Entirely green

Diet:

Seeds, fruits, berries

Sociality:

Pairs or small flocks

Conservation Status:

Least Concern

Fun facts

• The name 'Tuim' is derived from a Tupi indigenous word, reflecting its native range in Brazil.
• Despite their small size, parrotlets are known for their feisty and energetic personalities.
• They are sometimes kept as pets due to their small size and engaging behavior, though wild populations should always be observed respectfully.
• Their ability to blend into green foliage makes them surprisingly difficult to spot despite their bright coloration.

Scientific classification

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Aves

Order

Psittaciformes

Family

Psittacidae

Genus

Forpus

Species

Forpus xanthopterygius

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